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[47] viXra:2608.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-12 02:22:15
Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 15 Pages.
The dark matter mediating medium for the pseudo vectors carries by definition four independent vector cells of the components for acceleration, spin and precession making up twelve combinations of pseudo vectors cells. The conjugated medium at the absolute zero energy state consists of solely pseudo e-neutrino triplets as a dynamic non destructible equilibrium in cubic pyramid symmetry. At a relativistic thermodynamic level of electron energy the pseudo vector medium consists of pseudo μ-triplets in cubic symmetry mixed to a triplets of τ-pseudos in cubic symmetry together guided by the pseudo e-neutrinos. Both the μ- and τ- triplets carry always the rotations for τ-triplets perpendicular to the μ-triplets suggesting orthogonal cubic pyramid symmetry. The top in equilateral pyramid symmetry of equal dimension for the base triangle in the cubic symmetry provides the dynamic electric charge in one polarity following the acceleration vector component of the pseudo vector cells. The time intervals for the electric charge dynamics give the sequential conjugated inversion shifts along the rotation axis of the height of the equilateral pyramid. Common sense reasoning for the some scaling calculations shows the validity of the statement in this abstract and explained in the paper below. Extension in par 7.0 and 7.1. For the conclusion see 9 for the limit of quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[46] viXra:2608.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-12 20:48:35
Authors: Lin Hu Zhong
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference)
This paper proposes "Fame Theory," arguing that no fame means no success, where "fame" specifically refers to good fame, positive fame, and honorable fame — the reputation bestowed upon an individual by society based on recognition of positive value. This paper explicitly excludes bad fame, ill fame, and infamous fame. Using wealth as a reference framework, the argument unfolds across four dimensions: visibility, permanence, independence, and distinctiveness. The essence of fame is a positive symbolic consensus in society; it transcends material accumulation and becomes the highest expression of an individual's life value.
Category: Social Science
[45] viXra:2608.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-12 20:48:11
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.
Potential energy and kinetic energy are related, yet very distinct. From the widest-angle perspectives they are equals. Last centuryRichard Feynman shocked the world by talking about the great energy everywhere in a seeming vacuum. He was partially correct within his quantum mechanics perspective. This century brings a better model for the potential and kinetic energies within individual y/y spheres, and along beaded-string frequency waves.
Category: Astrophysics
[44] viXra:2608.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-11 02:10:14
Authors: Kutlumuratov Atabek Bekchanovich
Comments: 106 Pages.
In the treatise main principles of propaedeutics of modern clinical medicine and human physiology are discussed. Nowadays the official medicine considers them the sciences which are based on a biomedical paradigm. But the real basis the medicine as practical science (science of doctoring) is u2026a) the clinical paradigm which applies the philosophical preconditions of knowledge of the world, of the own nature, and of the reality constituted by person, b) system of auxiliary paradigms among which the basic place is occupied nowadays with a biomedical paradigm, andc) the clinically registered data about a current state of health of each patient. Doctor uses the philosophical preconditions, and the clinical paradigm, and the auxiliary paradigms, and data of current clinical inspection of the patient in interests of each patient in each clinical case.Being based on a clinical paradigm, the medicine obviously and implicitly develops system of auxiliary paradigms. Each doctor reproduces and uses auxiliary paradigms in each clinical case by considering the professional possibilities and abilities. Each doctor subjects to individuation each clinical case in interests of health of each patient in conformity with the possibilities given to them by a society, a science and professional conditions. Doctors obviously and implicitly use (at least during 1000 years) the model of psychophysical unique human nature, generalised by Avicenna as an ontological and epistemological basis of medical thinking. During the individuation of dotoring of each patient the doctor develops the clinical diagnosis adequately to the current nature (condition) of health of each patient. Each clinical discipline obviously and implicitly develops own clinical paradigm that allows the doctor to supervise the own thinking in interests of health of each patient in each clinical case. Thus the doctor considers mental and physical perception patterns by patient of own health status and obviously or implicitly subjects individuation auxiliary paradigms, first of all - biomedical one, and supervises current data of clinical inspection of the patient. During doctoring of each patient the modern doctor regularly and, as a rule, implicitly, usesideas Alcmeon, and Hippocrates, and Galen about psychophysical (psychophysiological) nature of the clinical paradigm, and it was explicitly formulated by Avicenna. In an obvious kind the modern doctor constitutes judgements in language of the biomedical paradigm. Keywords: science philosophy; clinical medicine; clinical paradigm; psychophysical model of the patient; undividuation of doctoring; biomedical paradigm.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[43] viXra:2608.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-11 02:04:43
Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 13 Pages.
In classical electromagnetism, Gauss’s flux theorem in integral form states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the charge enclosed by that surface. Recent research points out that Gauss’s flux theorem in integral form applies to static electric fields but not to time-varying electric fields. This paper reveals that when Gauss’s flux, characterized by three-dimensional space, is compressed to a single point, the divergence of a field no longer retains its original meaning of the flux. Based on the divergence of the electric field at a point in space, Gauss's flux theorem in differential form contradicts Coulomb's law and violates the superposition principle of the electric fields. Therefore, the differential and integral forms of Gauss’s flux theorem are not equivalent. In conclusion，Gauss’s flux theorem in differential form does not hold in both static and time-varying electric fields, and has no definite mathematical and physical significance. Theoretical physics and mathematics will undergo a revolutionary scientific transformation.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[42] viXra:2608.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-11 01:56:57
Authors: Carlos Castro, E.I Guendelman
Comments: 39 Pages.
The string tensions can be dynamical as one of us (EG) has studied in recent publications. For example, in the case when string theories are formulated in the modified measure formalism where string and brane tensions appear as an additionaldynamical degree of freedom. It is found that the tension values assigned to these strings and branes may not fixed (universal), but rather that each string and brane acquires its own tension with a different value for each string and brane. We havedisplayed cases where the spontaneous breaking of target space scale invariance is produced in the process of string-tension-generation, except for some limits where the tensions dynamically approach infinity. The introduction of internal gauge fieldsgoverns the dynamical tensions of the strings, and specific sources for these gauge fields provide diverse tensions. In this work it is shown that in special cases where the tensions have the exponential form exp(ασ1) or exp(ασ0), in the conformal gauge, the target space scale invariance can be restored by considering shifts in either the (spatial) σ1 or (temporal) σ0 string world-sheet coordinates. In the first case, the (open) strings must be of infinite length and cannot have boundaries in order to respect target space scaleinvariance. While in the second case we can consider closed or open strings without breaking target space scale invariance. World sheet conformal invariance implies a Ricci flat condition for an effective metric and which is consistent with the expected equations of motion of the strings. Boundary conditions can be introduced by introducing charges that couple to the internal gauge fields. Point like sources break the scale invariance point-wise which can lead to very interesting consequences, like the construction ofsemi-open strings which are strings which connect to a charge only at one point and where along the other direction the tension decays. These serve as models of deconfined quarks. Generalizations of these effects to brane like solutions in Milne and Wesson spaces, etc. are also discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[41] viXra:2608.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-11 01:45:32
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to Ramanujan Journal. Comments welcome.
In 1859, Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann had announced the following conjecture, called the Riemann hypothesis : textit{The nontrivial roots (zeros) $s=sigma+it$ of the zeta function, defined by:} $$zeta(s) = sum_{n=1}^{+infty}frac{1}{n^s},,mbox{for}quad Re(s)>1$$ textit{have real part} $sigma= frac{1}{2}$. In this paper, I give the proof that $sigma= frac{1}{2}$ using an equivalent statement of the Riemann hypothesis: the Dirichlet $eta$ function and the functional relation verified by the zeta function.
Category: Number Theory
[40] viXra:2608.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-11 02:53:06
Authors: Teo Banica
Comments: 400 Pages.
This is an introduction to probability, written with a quantum idea in mind, namely that the semicircle law comes first. We first discuss discrete probability, notably with the binomial and hypergeometric laws, positive and negative, and the Poisson and compound Poisson laws. Then we get into the continuous case, with the basics of the theory explained, and with as starting examples the exponential, semicircle and beta distributions. Afterwards, we investigate the central limits and normal variables, both real and complex, and with a look at Rayleigh laws, and hyperspherical laws too. Finally, we discuss a number of more specialized distributions, and more specialized techniques too, and we end with an introduction to random matrices and freeness.
Category: Statistics
[39] viXra:2608.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-09 21:29:01
Authors: Viktor Voevodov
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper proposes a fundamentally new approach to investigating the structure of the set of natural numbers based on the concept of alternative and connected numerical sets, one of which is the set of prime numbers. The method of dynamic sieves is described. By utilizing the proposed kinematic model and the theory of connected sets, a theorem is proven on the infinity of sets of n-tuple primes of arbitrary length and configuration. While the theory of connected sets expands the theorem, the theory of alternative sets deepens it, rendering the theorem global.
Category: Number Theory
[38] viXra:2608.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-09 21:22:28
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 10 Pages.
Companion reviews of the Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity(CSTR) have repeatedly identified the extension of the equal-time Klein-Gordon field quantization to a genuinely two-time(multi-epoch) propagation as the central open problem of the theory's quantum sector(Yi,2020,2021,2025).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[37] viXra:2608.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-09 13:18:50
Authors: George Athanasiou
Comments: 19 Pages.
We develop a residue-based method for recovering the coefficients of aDirichlet series from the singularities of its analytic continuation. Startingfrom the classical vertical-line inversion formula, we introduce a conformaltransformation that converts coefficient extraction into a contour integraland yields a spectral representation in terms of poles and residues. Weapply this framework to the von Mangoldt, prime characteristic, Möbius,and Euler totient functions, obtaining representations involving the zerosand poles of the Riemann zeta function. We also introduce generalized vonMangoldt functions associated with arbitrary Dirichlet series and extendthe approach to finite and Dedekind zeta functions, leading to formulas forpoint counts, prime-ideal counting functions, and characteristic functionsover number fields. Finally, we examine prime-pair, Goldbach, andprime-tuple counting functions and derive conditional error estimatesunder the Riemann hypothesis. These results present contour integrationand zeta-function factorizations as a unified mechanism for translatinganalytic spectral data into arithmetic information.
Category: Number Theory
[36] viXra:2608.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-10 02:53:44
Authors: Nana Abeka Otoo, Asirifi Boa
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Supervised Neural Gas (SNG) introduces the margin-optimized cost function of Generalized Learn-ing Vector Quantization (GLVQ) equipped with neighborhood cooperation from Neural Gas (NG).This yields a highly interpretable learner that is less sensitive to the prototype initialization problem observed in the LVQ family of classification algorithms. Although Hammer, Strickert and Villmann presented the SNG framework as an extension applicable to any differentiable dissimilarity measure, the diagonal relevance weighting adaptation remains the only scheme to have been explored. In this paper, we investigate extensions of SNG with full matrix, local matrix, tangent and class-wise matrix distances by examining how rank-based cooperation interacts with metric parameterization learning. We provide gradient-level analysis of two failure modes: (I) gradient dilution and (II) subtraction amplification, which explain learning behavioral challenges in cooperation-based metric learning. We propose a Supervised Class-Wise Matrix Neural Gas variant (SCMNG) that identifies three structural conditions under which rank-based metric relevance learning can be achieved in light of these recorded failure modes. Ablation experiments against non-cooperative reference models indicate that the impact of rank-based cooperation depends on initialization quality, metric structureand class-wise conditions. When prototypes are placed in a representative manner, NG coopera-tion mainly results in gradient interference. In contrast, with poor initialization, NG cooperationfacilitates the distribution of prototypes across class regions.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[35] viXra:2608.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-08 05:03:56
Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 10 Pages.
Classical mechanics and quantum mechanics are considered to be binary oppositions. This kind of understanding has never brought us any real benefits, only trouble. The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics cannot logically delineate the boundary between quantum and classical mechanics. On the contrary, the mass m and potential energy V in the Schr ö dinger equation can easily cross the boundary between microscopic and macroscopic levels. The electromagnetic potential energy in the Schrödinger equation can be replaced with the potential energy of the interaction force. Potential energy can be further transformed into force based on F=V/r. This operation can establish Newton's second law wave equation (e.g., Eq.(30)) and force containing wave mechanics equation (e.g., Eq. (31) ) ψ =Fψ). This result more directly indicates that quantum and classical are compatible. Eliminating the historical absence of the concept of "force" in quantum mechanics, bridging the gap between macroscopic classical and microscopic quantum frameworks, and changing people's perceptions. Can explain why nanoscale particles have quantum properties. Simplify the calculation of quantum forces. This lays the foundation for the generalized wave mechanics that unifies mechanics across scales.
Category: Quantum Physics
[34] viXra:2608.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-09 00:42:56
Authors: Yijia An, Preet Sharma
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This study is about applying the fundamentals of physics using the concepts of friction to understand and describe dance shoes and dance floor interaction. We have used sliding friction, skidding friction and rotational friction to describe our model independent study. Since we are performing a general and model independent study so we have taken the dancer to be of a uniform cylindrical shape. The various frictions used are time dependent.
Category: Classical Physics
[33] viXra:2608.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-09 00:40:30
Authors: Slavik Avagyan
Comments: 11 Pages.
This paper analyzes a fundamental geometric oversight in the classical interpretation of the Michelson -Morley experiment. We demonstrate that in a frame moving with velocity u , the reflection of light from a mirror follows a specific angular deviation. By introducing the formula sinu2061〖β=u/c〗 √(1-u^2/c^2 ), we prove the optical paths are asymmetrical. This geometric shift provides a new basis for understanding the "null result" of the Michelson-Morley experiment without necessitating postulate of absolute constancy of light in all frames. In other words, the Michelson-Morley experiment is a failed experiment and the physical-mathematical conclusions drawn from its "results" have no scientific basis.The question of the nature of light is directly related to the Michelson-Morley experiment. Since the aforementioned experiment can be considered a failure, the idea of the ether becomes relevant. For this reason, a new idea is proposed to solve the problem of light propagation. Light is attributed only a wave nature in the form of spherical waves, and the propagation medium is dark matter. The idea is substantiated by appropriate calculations. . The mass of a dark matter particle has also been determined, which is found to be equal to M_dm≈4.〖10〗^(-34) kg.Keywords: Light, Michelson-Morley, experiment, theory, law, ether, wave, dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics
[32] viXra:2608.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-08 17:32:27
Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 9 Pages.
Reality is highly important to us for we would prefer to live with reality rather than live with the imaginary world or the world of dreams, e.g., we would prefer ideas and concepts to be realistic, i.e., rooted in the real-life situation, rather than being merely theoretical and not practicable. Reality is apparently a slippery concept which is difficult to have a firm grasp on. Hence, there are many quizzical questions asked in this paper in order to be able to really come to terms with the very abstract, slippery concept of reality. There could be different ways of interpreting reality resulting in differing concepts of reality, which would be a problem as logically there should be only one true, valid, consistent concept of reality - the author posits such a concept of reality in the conclusion, a reasoned concept which is apparently more logically consistent.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[31] viXra:2608.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-08 17:37:42
Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper emphasizes the importance of intuition, which is apparently frequentlygiven little attention. It appears that logic is equated with intelligence and is regarded as themost important aspect of thinking by many. The author here attempts to raise the status ofintuition vis-à-vis logic or reasoning and in doing so he is presenting intuition from a different and perhaps unique perspective. The paper explains the importance of intuition though it may not be perfectly effective in bringing the desired outcomes, a state of affair which applies also to logic. Nevertheless, intuition plays an important part in our intellectual and creative endeavors, apparently aided by logic, which is explained in this paper.
Category: Mind Science
[30] viXra:2608.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-08 23:37:15
Authors: Minghao Ruan, Junhao Fu
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Background Literature screening constitutes a critical component in evidence synthesis; however, it typically requires substantial time and human resources. Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown promise in this field, yet the accuracy and effectiveness of AI tools for literature screening remain uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the performance of several existing AI-powered automated tools for literature screening.Methods This diagnostic accuracy study employed a cohort to evaluate the performance of five AI tools—ChatGPT 4.0, Claude 3.5, Gemini 1.5, DeepSeek-V3, and RobotSearch—in literature screening. We selected a random sample of 1,000 publications from a well-established literature cohort, with 500 as randomized controlled trials (RCTs) group and 500 as others group. Diagnostic accuracy was measured using several metrics, including the false negative fraction (FNF), time used for screening, false positive fraction (FPF), and the redundancy number needed to screen.Results We reported the FNF for the RCTs group and the FPF for the others group. In the RCTs group, RobotSearch exhibited the lowest FNF at 6.4% (95% CI: 4.6% to 8.9%), whereas Gemini exhibited the highest at 13.0% (95% CI: 10.3% to 16.3%). In the others group, the FPF of the four large language models ranged from 2.8% (95% CI: 1.7% to 4.7%) to 3.8% (95% CI: 2.4% to 5.9%), both of which were significantly lower than RobotSearch's rate of 22.2% (95% CI: 18.8% to 26.1%). In terms of screening efficiency, the mean time used for screening per article was 1.3 s for ChatGPT, 6.0 s for Claude, 1.2 s for Gemini, and 2.6 s for DeepSeek.Conclusions The AI tools assessed in this study demonstrated commendable performance in literature screening; however, they are not yet suitable as standalone solutions. These tools can serve as effective auxiliary aids, and a hybrid approach that integrates human expertise with AI may enhance both the efficiency and accuracy of the literature screening process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[29] viXra:2608.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-06 19:08:53
Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo, Juan David Santander
Comments: 18 Pages.
Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) generally resolves the need for dark matter in galaxy rotation curves introducing a single new constant of acceleration $a_0$. It is well known that increasing $a_0$ by a factor of a few can alleviate the residual mass discrepancies that MOND leaves in galaxy clusters. Within a parameter-free Machian interpretation of MOND, in which $a_0sim GM_u/R_u^2$ arises from the scalar sum of inverse-square distance gravitational mass contributions in the universe, we promote $a_0$ to a variable influenced by mass external to a locally enclosed region in the spherically symmetric case. Instead of a boost of $a_0$ in terms of gravitational potentials as in EMOND, we show that a boost in terms of this directionless inverse-square field roughly amounts to the boost needed to accommodate the mass discrepancies of MOND in galaxy clusters. We conclude by beginning to generalize the proposed formulation beyond spherical symmetry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[28] viXra:2608.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-08 02:41:13
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 10 Pages.
An addition chain of length $h$ that leads to an integer $ngeq 2$ is a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers $s_0=1,s_1=2,ldots,s_h=n$ such that $s_i=s_j+s_k$ with $i>jgeq kgeq 0$ for each $iin {1,ldots,h}$. We denote the minimal length of an addition chain that leads to an integer target $cdot$ by $ell(cdot)$. In this paper, we introduce the concept of emph{quasi closed} addition chains and show that numbers $ngeq 2$ that admit a minimal-length quasi closed chains that are also a minimal-length addition (quasi complete numbers) satisfy the Scholz conjecture, precisely the inequality $$ ell(2^n-1)leq n-1+ell(n).$$
Category: Number Theory
[27] viXra:2608.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-07 05:37:17
Authors: Iz Tecum
Comments: 26 Pages.
We analyze one coupling of single-site Glauber dynamics for proper (q)-colorings of the cycle (C_n) in two ways.Drift on the Hamming disagreement count and path coupling on Hamming-adjacent pairs give the one-step contractions[mathbb{E}bigl[d_{H}(X_1,Y_1)bigr]lealpha_{mathrm{cl}}(q,n),d_{H}(X_0,Y_0),qquadmathbb{E}bigl[d_{G}(X_1,Y_1)bigr]lealpha_{mathrm{pc}}(q,n),d_{G}(X_0,Y_0),]with (alpha_{mathrm{cl}}(q,n)=1-(q-4)/bigl(n(q-2)bigr)) and (alpha_{mathrm{pc}}(q,n)=1-(q-6)/bigl(n(q-2)bigr)), both attained. The thresholds are(qge5) and (qge7), and the constants separate by (2/bigl(n(q-2)bigr)) uniformly in (n). The gap is geometric.Transposing two colors across an edge produces a pair at Hamming distance (2) that no single recoloring connects,so the path metric (d_{G}) of the color graph charges a created disagreement (+2) rather than (+1); such pairspack (lfloor n/2floor) to a cycle, giving (operatorname{diam} d_{H}=n) and (operatorname{diam} d_{G}=lfloor3n/2floor) for(qge5), hence closed (O(nlog n)) bounds for both methods. The loss is attributable to the sparse edge setrather than to path coupling, since the complete edge set recovers (alpha_{mathrm{cl}}). Exact enumeration on (C_4)confirms every bound and gives worst-start (t_{mathrm{mix}}(0.05)=57,29,22,19,18) for (q=3,dots,7).
Category: Statistics
[26] viXra:2608.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-07 14:04:51
Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 10 Pages.
Physicists have been searching for a vibrational interpretation of the Schrödinger equation for a century; so far with limited success. This work presents a speculative vibrational interpretation in the special case of the Schrödinger equation for a hydrogen-like atom. Solutions of this equation are interpreted as high-frequency stationary vibrations of the atom’s electromagnetic field driven by de Broglie’s internal clock of the atom’s electron, which is assumed to orbit around the atom’s nucleus. The proposed vibrational interpretation challenges existing interpretations of the Schrödinger equation in various ways, which pose interesting research questions for future work.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[25] viXra:2608.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-07 14:09:31
Authors: Md Razib Talukder
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper presents a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem using the symmetry properties of the cosine rule. It is demonstrated that the structural invariance of the cosine rule prevents any transformation that would yield nontrivial integer solutions for exponents greater than two. The argument establishes that no such solutions exist, thereby confirming Fermat's assertion.
Category: Algebra
[24] viXra:2608.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-08 02:21:38
Authors: Fischel Bloom
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references)
We solve the open problem of proving Fermat’s Last Theorem (FLT) for n > 2 using only tools available to Fermat. We infer from Euclid’s formula an n-th power generalization that is equivalent to equation z^n− y^n = x^n. This generalization clearly shows that FLT is correct for integral {(z,y,x)}with integral n>2.
Category: Number Theory
[23] viXra:2608.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-07 21:37:19
Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 7 Pages.
The article proposes to use all 12 metric solutions of the Einstein’s vacuum equation with the Λ-term within the framework of constructing a single system consisting of metric-dynamic models of one stable convex vacuum formation and one stable concave vacuum formation. This approach is a prerequisite for the creation of a Hierarchical Cosmological Model as part of a unified project "Geometrized Vacuum Physics Based on the Algebra of Signature" [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17, 18,19,20], aimed at developing the Clifford-Einstein-Wheeler program for the complete geometrization of physics
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[22] viXra:2608.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-06 15:54:03
Authors: Arūnas Ostasevičius
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper introduces an alternative, deterministic paradigm for the micro-world by modeling the hydrogen atom as an open, non-linear dissipative system embedded within the hydrodynamic substratum of Wheeler’s quantum foam. By replacing the abstract complex-valued wave function of standard quantum mechanics with a modified three-dimensional Van der Pol system formulated via Hamilton’s quaternions (H), we resolve the fundamental paradoxes of stationarity, instantaneous quantum jumps, and wave-particle duality. In this framework, the stable ground state of the atom emerges naturally as a stable limit cycle (attractor), where the classical Coulomb potential acts as an active negative-friction energy pump that balances velocity-dependent radiative dissipation at the Bohr radius (a0). We present a non-quantum, electrodynamic derivation of the Bohr radius and link the emission frequency directly to radiation intensity via the characteristic impedance of free space (Z0) without invoking Planck’s constant (h). Furthermore, the four traditional quantum numbers (n, l, m, s), the Zeeman splitting, and the Pauli exclusion principle are decoded as explicit geometric and topological properties of a phase-locked spatial rotator, bypassing the necessity of both the Schrödinger probability density and the complex Dirac matrices.
Category: Quantum Physics
[21] viXra:2608.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-06 15:44:16
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 22 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required in the article) Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0
For the majority of its existence, our species did not live in settlements, did not have agriculture, writing or metallurgy. These are all features of the Holocene Epoch, and the global human population during most of the time since the start of that epoch remained both low and relatively constant until the beginning of the 19th Century, accelerating through the 20th Century, following the Industrial and Agrarian Revolutions. The enormous population, and the complex, planet-wide capitalist technological civilisation on which they depend, but which also exploits them, are now faced with numerous dangers, which are likely to prove insuperable.
Category: Social Science
[20] viXra:2608.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-06 15:40:32
Authors: Kevin Elijah Valentine
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Graph theory plays a vital role in the study of mathematical structures and their applicationsin communication networks, optimization, and computer science. Among the variousdomination parameters, the Double Roman Domination Number has attracted significant attentiondue to its enhanced defensive strategy compared with classical domination concepts.This paper investigates the Double Roman Domination Number of Degree-Centric Graphsobtained from several standard graph families. The degree-centric transformation is firstconstructed for each graph, and the corresponding Double Roman Domination Numbers aredetermined. Based on these results, general observations and formulas are established fordifferent classes of graphs, illustrating the relationship between the degree-centric transformationand the domination parameter. The obtained results extend the study of dominationin transformed graphs and provide a foundation for future research in degree-centric graphtheory.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory
[19] viXra:2608.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-06 06:49:38
Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 8 Pages.
Discrete-valued neural networks have attracted increasing attention because they require less memory and lower computational cost than conventional floating-point neural networks. While discrete weights are often obtained by quantizing pretrained continuous-valued networks, such approaches are not applicable to reinforcement learning tasks that cannot be trained by gradient-based methods. This paper investigates the training of multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) with ternary connection weights {−1,0,1} using Genetic Algorithm (GA) for the Atari Space Invaders reinforcement learning task. The performance of ternary-weight networks is compared with that of binary-weight networks {−1,1} under identical network topologies and GA configurations. Experimental results show that GA configuration employing a smaller population size and a larger number of generations significantly outperforms a configuration with a larger population size and fewer generations when the total number of fitness evaluations is fixed. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference is observed between ternary and binary weight representations in terms of game performance. Although ternary weights exhibit slightly better median and worst-case performance, binary weights occasionally achieve higher best scores while requiring less memory. These findings suggest that binary-weight neural networks provide an attractive trade-off between performance and memory efficiency, making them an attractive representation for evolutionary reinforcement learning.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[18] viXra:2608.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-06 09:11:46
Authors: Gerald Vones
Comments: Title page not included in number of pages
It is argued that the known physical fields themselves can be comprehended as extra dimensions attached to spacetime. This is achieved by copying the basic structure of Special Relativity related to objects, and pasting it at the level of fields. The role of the conversion factor played by the velocity of light there is played by Newtons constant here. This leads to a permutation of the roles of established concepts.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[17] viXra:2608.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-04 20:55:57
Authors: Sergey Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 30 Pages. https://arxiv.org/abs/0707.4657v6 , PACS numbers: 03.50; 12.60.-i; 12.90.+b; 14.60.Cd; 03.70.
This paper is the presentation of the 2007-2026 Planck scale informational physical model, which is based on philosophical "The Information as Absolute" concept, which was formulated mainly in 2007. In the concept it is rigorously proven that nothing exists besides some informational patterns/systems of the patterns that are elements of the absolutely fundamental, and absolutely infinite, "Information" Set. Thus Matter for sure is nothing else than some informational system of informational patterns/sub-systems — particles, fields, bodies, etc. The other fundamental base of the model is the outstanding findings of von Weizsäcker and Fredkin-Toffli, who proved that Matter is based on some binary logics ("UR hypothesis"), and that if a system consists of reversible elements, then this system doesn’t dissipate energy outside, whereas the conception above makes these findings as completely natural. That allowed to define scientifically a number of fundamental phenomena/notions, first of all "Space", "Time", "Matter", "Energy", "Inertia", and so to solve, or essentially to clarify, a number of fundamental physical problems, considering everything in Matter as some specific disturbances in Matter’s ultimate base — dense lattice of fundamental logical elements (FLE) that is placed in real Matter’s (here utmost universal "kinematical") [5]4D spacetime) — what are particles and antiparticles, what are physical senses of basic equations ib kinematics, first of all of Lorents transformations and in dynamics., etc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16] viXra:2608.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-04 20:53:23
Authors: Michel Van de Gaer
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This note proposes a path toward knot-like organized structure in an Adaptive Medium (AM): a recursively adapting field whose local state responds to both external drive and its own neighbourhood. Within that Medium, microscopicvibrational degrees of freedom can phase-lock on steep density slopes into compact, particle-like cohorts. Cohort emission leaves a local vacancy; that vacancy is filled by vacancy backfillfrom the cell behind the shot (opposite the emission direction). Backfill steepens the upstream face, so emission regenerates andthe active lip retreats into remaining dense fuel—a kickback cascade—until a weaker valley brakes the process. Cohorts, wakes, and cascades are presented as the dynamical bridge from a continuous Adaptive Medium toward string- and knotlike organization. The account is conceptual and illustrated by interactive GPU simulations; it is not offered as a closed continuum theorem.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[15] viXra:2608.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-04 17:10:30
Authors: Krrish Choudhary
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Initial Entropy Problem asks why the early universe began in an exceptionally low gravitational entropy state despite matter and radiation being at thermal equilibrium. Standard cosmology accepts Penrose's Past Hypothesis as a brute empirical fact, without a dynamical mechanism that enforces it. This paper presents a candidate Center Origin White Hole Cyclic Cosmology, built from thirteen explicit axioms, offered as an axiomatic framework, not a resolution of the problem it addresses. The model proposes that the Big Bang is the time-reversed quantum-gravity bounce of a single, monolithic universal black hole. Three axioms carry the model's real explanatory weight and are flagged plainly rather than hidden in notation: Axiom 9 stipulates an explicit exception to the Second Law of Thermodynamics at the transition; Axiom 11 stipulates repulsive anti-gravity that cannot be derived from time-reversal of the Einstein field equations and is grounded only in current untestability; Axiom 13 stipulates that dark energy is dynamical rather than a true cosmological constant, an explicit, falsifiable bet on an open question in dark energy research that current measurements do not support under a constant &Lambda. The paper derives the model's recollapse dynamics as an exact consequence of the Friedmann equation for a dust-dominated closed universe and shows explicitly where this derivation fails to match a universe dominated by dark energy. The framework does not derive low initial entropy from more fundamental principles; it relocates the Past Hypothesis to a named, falsifiable transition.
Category: Astrophysics
[14] viXra:2608.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-04 18:15:23
Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 6 Pages.
Gravitational waves in the microhertz regime represent an unexplored window into slow dynamical processes in planetary interiors and the longu2011period tidal interactions within the Solar System. Jupiter, whose rotation period of 9.925 h is known with high precision, should generate a gravitational wave near 55.97 $mu$Hz if its mass distribution departs from perfect axial symmetry. Such a signal is far below the sensitivity of existing gravitationalu2011wave detectors and is strongly Doppleru2011shifted by the synodic Earth—Jupiter motion, making direct detection challenging.Using 20 years of barometric pressure data from DWD stations, we extract Jupiter’s gravitational wave through coherent demodulation of the phase modulations induced by Earth’s orbit and by the four Galilean moons. The recovered carrier frequency exhibits SNR $approx100$ and reveals a previously unknown longu2011term frequency drift associated with Jupiter’s deep interior. The modulation indices and phases of Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are stable across 752 independent realizations, demonstrating that Earth’s atmosphere responds coherently to microhertz gravitational forcing.The measured modulation indices exceed linearized Doppler predictions by a factor of 12.7, implying a propagation speed of $vapprox 0.08 c$ for the wave along the Jupiter—Earth path. Because this path lies entirely within the Sun’s gravitational potential, our results suggest that microhertz gravitational waves may experience dispersive propagation in strongly curved spacetime. No additional longu2011term phase modulations were detected. These findings open a new observational channel for studying gravitational phenomena in the Solar System at ultrau2011low frequencies.
Category: Astrophysics
[13] viXra:2608.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-03 20:39:38
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 10 Pages.
The Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity (CSTR) re-derives the Lorentz transformation, relativistic quantum mechanics, quantumfield theory, and general relativity within a cosmological inertial frame, in which a local, unexpanded spatial coordinate is related to thephysically expanded coordinate of a Robertson-Walker universe through a cosmological expansion function τ (t0) (Yi, 2020, 2025). Fivecompanion reviews have each examined a different sector of this program — special-relativistic kinematics, relativistic quantum mechanics andfield quantization, the Cosmological General Theory of Relativity’s black-hole solutions, the group-theoretic structure of the transformationitself, and the theory’s observational status — and each has found that CSTR’s predictions reduce, in a precise and recurring sense, tothose of the corresponding standard theory. This paper collects that recurring correspondence into a single, systematic set of comparisontables, juxtaposing every principal CSTR equation against its special-relativistic, quantum-mechanical, quantum-field-theoretic, or generalrelativisticcounterpart, and identifies the single limit — evaluation at a fixed cosmological epoch, equivalently τ (t0) → const — responsiblefor every instance of correspondence. We further collect, in a final comparison, the specific respects in which CSTR is not merely a relabelingof standard theory: the multi-epoch groupoid structure and the associated open questions identified in a companion review. The result isintended as a single reference synthesizing the correspondence structure of the entire CSTR program.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[12] viXra:2608.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-03 09:25:56
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 16 Pages.
Galactic rotation-curves shows in many spiral- and dwarfgalaxies deviations in movement from the expectation of baryonic matter alone. Usually these deviations are explained by supposing a domination of a "dark-matter" halo. Here, in this treatise an alternative scenario is discussed in the sense of Ockams Razor: not to speculate new things to safe the phenomena but to try an explanation of observed phenomena by very well-known contributions. Therefore a global galactic magnetic plasma-halo is able by supposing a magnetic pressure and stress-term to deliver an additional dynamical term to movement of stars. This model doesn’t substitute gravity but elaborates the eeffective dynamics by magnetohydrodynmical effects (MHD).
Category: Astrophysics
[11] viXra:2608.0012 [pdf] replaced on 2026-08-05 16:28:15
Authors: Benjamin de la Fontaine
Comments: 19 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
By interpreting inertia and gravity in terms of both classical electrodynamics and hydrodynamics, novel and accurate formulae for inertia, gravity and the gravitational constant can be derived from a Higgs field with precise geometric properties. Extending these formulae to general relativity, it is shown that the speed of light, the vacuum energy density, the cosmological constant, and 4-dimensional space-time curvature can also be derived from the same assumptions. A new model of general relativity and universal expansion based on a dynamically oscillating space-time is proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[10] viXra:2608.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-03 19:16:21
Authors: Igor Hrnčić
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper disproves the Riemann Hypothesis by a different method.
Category: Number Theory
[9] viXra:2608.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 09:14:48
Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 29 Pages.
A long-standing puzzle in plasma physics is the universally fast rate of magnetic reconnection, observed to be of order 0.1 across diverse environments yet unexplained by classical resistive magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). We propose a new analytical model for two-dimensional steady-state reconnection based on two concepts: the magnetic moment force as the gyro-averaged Lorentz force, and the semi-free electron constraint arising from quasi-neutrality. We show that the inflow is driven by the magnetic moment force rather than resistive diffusion, while the outflow is governed by the ion pressure gradient. The model yields a closed-form reconnection rate that depends only on the electron-to-ion temperature ratio and ion charge state, independent of system size, field strength, density, and resistivity. For a thermal equilibrium hydrogen plasma, the rate is approximately 0.2, consistent with satellite observations and simulations. The model also reproduces the bipolar electrostatic field at the current sheet center. Compared with Sweet-Parker, Petschek, and Hall-MHD models, our framework offers a first-principles kinetic explanation for the universal reconnection rate. Finally, we propose a corresponding modification to the two-fluid MHD equations, removing the electron pressure gradient and replacing the Lorentz force with the magnetic moment force.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[8] viXra:2608.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 12:54:22
Authors: MingLai Man
Comments: 9 Pages.
An axiomatic framework for the temporal structure of quantum pure states is formulated. In addition to time-reversal symmetry, two ontological postulates are introduced: binary reality and coherent composition. A physically complete pure state is required to contain two distinct time-reversal-related branches with a definite relative phase. We prove that, for a time-reversal-covariant Hamiltonian, the reversed branch obtained by applying the antiunitary time-reversal operator to the time-reflected forward solution satisfies the same Schrödinger equation. Linearity and coherent composition then imply a coherent superposition of the two partners. The theorem does not require different energy eigenvalues: the partners may lie in the same degenerate eigenspace. The result is therefore a conditional theorem of the enlarged axiomatic framework rather than a derivation of quantum superposition from standard time-reversal symmetry alone.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[7] viXra:2608.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 00:36:14
Authors: Taha Muhammad
Comments: 3 Pages.
For centuries, the existence of a Perfect Cuboid—an Euler Perfect Box where the three edges, three face diagonals, and the internal space diagonal are all positive integers—has remained one of the most resilient open challenges in number theory. This manuscript delivers a definitive proof establishing the absolute non-existence of such a system. By decomposing the structural framework into three exhaustive geometric classes (scaloid, isosceles, and equilateral), we implement an original polynomial transformation to isolate unbreakable irrationality barriers. We demonstrate that the arithmetic parameters governing the system are mutually exclusive across all integer domains, proving that an Euler Perfect Box is structurally impossible.
Category: Number Theory
[6] viXra:2608.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 00:34:14
Authors: Xiaohao Xie, Wei Meng, Wenhua Jiao
Comments: 16 Pages.
Person Re-Identification (ReID) under severe occlusion remains a formidable challenge, primarily because existing discriminative models lack the capacity to infer missing topological structures, inevitably leading to fragmented feature representations and compromised metric spaces. To break this perceptual limitation, we propose a novel end-to-end Diffusion-Driven Dual-stream Framework ($text{D}^3text{F}$), which seamlessly integrates generative structural priors from Diffusion Transformers (DiT) into vision-language ReID. To overcome the high computational overhead and semantic gaps inherent in diffusion models, we first design a truncated prior extraction mechanism alongside a Cascaded Inverted Modality Shuffle Network (CIMSN) to achieve lightweight and deep cross-modal interaction. Furthermore, recognizing that divergent generative features can severely contaminate the strict distance metric space, we propose an Asymmetric Decoupled Feature Guidance (ADFG) strategy. ADFG strictly utilizes the fused generative prior as a contextual lens to update text prompts, while reverting to pure discriminative features for mask localization and final metric pooling. This restrained decoupling strategy strikes an optimal balance between occlusion-resistant inference and metric space purity. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed $text{D}^3text{F}$ significantly outperforms existing methods, achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on both occluded and holistic ReID benchmark datasets.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[5] viXra:2608.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-01 07:11:58
Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 10 Pages.
This work presents the first application of the Dark Matter by Quantum Gravitation (DMbQG) theory to the study of dark matter (DM) at cosmological scales. In Section 2.1, the first Friedmann equation is introduced within the DMbQG framework. A key feature of this approach is the explicit separation between baryonic matter density and dark matter density. It is shown that, in this theory, the dark matter density evolves with the cosmological scale factor, a, following a power-law exponent of −2.5, in contrast to the ΛCDM model, where total matter density is not differentiated and scales as a with exponent -3.In Section 2.2, the second Friedmann equation and the cosmological conservation equation are presented. From the latter, the equation-of-state parameter w is derived for baryonic matter, dark matter, and dark energy. A novel result of this work is that, for dark matter, w = −1/6, which implies that its effective density is one-half of its physical density.In Section 3, the age of the Universe is calculated first within the standard ΛCDM model and subsequently using the DMbQG framework. A central result is that the age integral obtained with DMbQG is approximately 11.5% larger than that derived from ΛCDM. This difference allows for consistency with the Hubble constant measured by the SHOES project, based on Type Ia supernovae in the local Universe, with Hu2080 = 73 km/s /Mpc, yielding an age of 14.7 Gyr. In contrast, applying this same value within ΛCDM leads to an age of 12.8 Gyr, in tension with the oldest known astrophysical objects. Consequently, ΛCDM relies on the Planck Collaboration value, Hu2080 = 67.4 km/ s/Mpc, which gives an age of 13.85 Gyr.Given that the SHOES method provides a more direct measurement of the present-day expansion rate, while the Planck value is inferred from early-Universe data (cosmic microwave background), the former may better represent the current Hubble parameter. The Hubble tension remains one of the major open problems in cosmology, and this work suggests that the DMbQG framework may offer a partial resolution by reconciling a higher Hu2080 value with a consistent estimate of the Universe’s age.
Category: Astrophysics
[4] viXra:2608.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 00:26:38
Authors: Arunas Ostasevicius
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper proposes a deterministic macroscopic model of thermal radiation from condensed matter, offering an alternative to stochastic noise approaches of fluctuational electrodynamics. Based on the concept of a continuous cascade buildup of intermittent self-oscillations of the electron subsystem during slow heating (the Bolero principle) and first-order linearized Maxwell equations, a rigorous analytical derivation of Wien’s spectral law is obtained. The thermal response parameter of a substance is expressed for the first time in terms of its fundamental macroscopic properties: the dynamic stiffness of the electron shell of the emitting center, the volumetric heat capacity of the lattice, and the unit cell volume. Numerical verification of the model using the high-temperature parameters of tungsten (W) is performed, demonstrating the exact convergence of the equations. An analytical relationship is established between the macroscopic rate of change of the medium’s temperature and the baseline amplitude of the radiation current.
Category: Quantum Physics
[3] viXra:2608.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 00:24:12
Authors: Julinho Jorge Luís
Comments: 16 Pages.
The Gamma function diverges at negative integer and half-integer arguments, posing a fundamental obstacle for both perturbative and non-perturbative theories. Analytic continuation, while guaranteeing uniqueness, does not preserve the Euler integral representation in the left half-plane, as noted by Hardy and Titchmarsh. We present a continuous regularization technique - the Dual Architecture - that addresses this limitation through a complementary function F(z) with directional vector opposite to that of the Gamma function. The phase function C(z)=cosu2061(πz)-sinu2061(πz) is uniquely determined by the boundary conditions F(0)=1 and F(1/2)=-√π, and its periodicity is established by Lemma 2.1. The regularized function RΓ(z)=1/[C(z)Γ(1-z)] for R(z)≤0 is finite by construction at all points where the classical Gamma function diverges, unifying regulation and subtraction within a single definition. We demonstrate the physical applicability of the technique across six systems: the cosmological constant, the Higgs boson mass, the strong CP problem, the Casimir effect, dimensional regularization in d=3, and a divergent Gaussian integral. In each case, the algebraic development is presented in full, yielding analytical results consistent with experimental values. The technique offers a unified framework for treating Gamma-function divergences across perturbative and non-perturbative regimes.Keywords: Continuous regularization, Gamma function, uniqueness theorem, Casimir effect, Standard Model.
Category: Quantum Physics
[2] viXra:2608.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 00:16:55
Authors: Johannes Debouto
Comments: 13 Pages. In French
The field of real numbers is essential to many scientific disciplines. The first formal constructions—which appeared long after the field's initial discovery—involve properties crucial to its modern application, most notably the property of completeness. One of the most famous of these constructions implicitly relies on the Cantor-Dedekind axiom, a concept that has often sparked controversy within the mathematical community. This work aims to demonstrate the validity of the Riemann hypothesis within the axiomatic framework of ZF plus the Cantor-Dedekind axiom, utilizing a result concerning Euler's totient function derived from the study of cyclotomic polynomials.
Category: Number Theory
[1] viXra:2608.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2026-08-02 00:12:12
Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 10 Pages.
The Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity (CSTR) relates a local, unexpanded spatial coordinate to the physically expanded coordinate of a Robertson-Walker universe through a cosmological expansion function τ (t0), and re-derives relativistic wave equations, electrodynamics, and general relativity within the resulting cosmological inertial frame (Yi, 2020, 2025). Companion reviews of this program have each found, for the specific quantities they consider — Yukawa interaction ranges and cross sections, Coulomb and hydrogen-like binding energies,Schwarzschild and Kerr-Newman horizon radii, parametrized post-Newtonian coefficients, and the fixed-epoch Lorentz transformation itself— that every physically measured quantity, once expressed in the physically expanded coordinate, recovers its ordinary, epoch-independentvalue, with the cosmological expansion function appearing only in the corresponding local-coordinate expression. This paper draws togetherthat recurring finding into an explicit observational assessment: because CSTR predicts no departure from ordinary physics for any process confined to a single cosmological epoch, the theory is not constrained, but also not yet tested, by existing single-epoch observations, including present bounds on the time-variation of the fine-structure constant and the proton-to-electron mass ratio from quasar absorption spectroscopy. We argue that a genuine test of CSTR requires a process that spans a cosmologically significant interval of time within a single observation — such as the redshift-drift (Sandage-Loeb) test, multi-epoch photon propagation, or cosmological particle creation — precisely the regime in which a companion review has shown that CSTR’s transformation law departs from a simple group structure. We summarize current observational bounds relevant to each sector of the theory and identify the redshift-drift test as the most concrete near-term observational program capable of constraining CSTR’s genuinely multi-epoch predictions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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