Authors: Ajay Sharma
Newton’s third law of motion has historically been formulated and applied primarily in a qualitative manner and is commonly assumed to hold universally for macroscopic interactions. Over time, the applications of Newton’s third law have been extended to a wide range of systems, including aerodynamics and aerospace propulsion. In this work, qualitative and preliminary quantitative observations are reported for freely falling and rebounding macroscopic bodies, highlighting systematic variations associated with geometric shape, material composition, and impact conditions. Simple rebound experiments show that spherical bodies can retrace their original line of fall and rebound to comparable heights under suitable conditions, whereas asymmetrical and flat bodies exhibit reduced rebound heights and oblique rebound trajectories. These observations indicate that interaction forces during impact are influenced by structural and material asymmetries at the macroscopic scale. Motivated by these experimental trends and supported by historical and conceptual analysis, a generalized form of Newton’s third law is proposed in which the reaction force is modified by dimensionless coefficients accounting for shape, composition, target surface, and other interaction parameters, expressed asReaction (FBA) = − [Kshape × Kcomposition × Ktarget × Kother] Action (FAB)The generalized formulation reduces to the classical law in the symmetric ideal limit and provides an experimentally testable framework for investigating macroscopic deviations from ideal action—reaction symmetry.
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[v1] 2025-12-22 21:58:54
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