Authors: Josef Graf
This study investigates whether rotating rings or full tori of matter can orbit an empty center in a stable configuration, without the need for a central mass such as a black hole or dark matter. Using symmetric mass distributions and classical mechanics, it is shown that the gravitational forces of the ring material can balance the centrifugal forces of its constituents. For a continuous ring, the total mass required is Mring=π⋅Mz, where Mz is the fictitious central mass inferred by an observer. The analysis covers discrete systems (2, 4, 8... bodies) as well as the limiting case of infinitely many particles. Using the Earth-Sun system as an example, it is demonstrated that a stable full torus with a thickness of approximately three Earth radii could replace the Sun's mass. The results suggest that certain observed accretion structures may not require supermassive black holes at their centers.
Comments: 16 Pages. In Deutsch
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[v1] 2025-11-15 23:55:56
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