Starting with the Hydrogen atom as an example,a dimensionless formulation of the Schrödinger equation for many electron atoms is presented. It is shown that the energy levels E of such a system are only dependent on the fine structure constant α, the atomic number Z, the speed of light c in vacuum and elementary particle (rest) masses m of electron and nucleus. If α and c may be assumed to be constants of nature, then E is only dependent on mass m. Introducing the Variable Mass hypothesis (VM) leads to formulas for the so-called intrinsic redshift. Ticks of Atomic clocks Δt are shown to be inversely proportional to mass m.
Atomic clocks may seem the most accurate nowadays. Common timing in life, however, is still based upon seconds, minutes and hours, as parts of daylength, and days as parts of a year. This may be called the Orbital timeframe. By considering orbits of planets such as the earth, it is argued that ticks of Orbital clocks ΔT are inversely proportional to the square root of mass m.
If it is accepted that there are two clocks instead of one, then there is a discrepancy between the Atomic ticks Δt and the Orbital ticks ΔT, due to Variable Mass. A simple differential equation is derived that relates the two timeframes. For mass in Atomic time t, a formula can be derived that shows exponential growth. With help of the differential equation, a formula can be derived for mass in Orbital time T as well, showing quadratic growth anda beginning for T=-A, meaning that there is an age A.
Empirical evidence for both the quadratic and exponential growth formulas is found in the Shrinking Kilogram.Quite unexpectedly, our version of the VM theory is consistent with the infamous C-decay. On the other hand, Variable Mass offers an explanation for the anomalous Earth's Rotation Retardation. At last, it is proved that Leap Seconds cannot be avoided with Atomic time and Orbital time, when combined with the Variable Mass hypothesis. And there is a very simple formula for calculating them.