The majority of theoretical misconceptions and the most significant misunderstandings in modern astronomy,cosmology and physics are caused by a purely mathematical approach and ignoring philosophical comprehension ofphysical reality and, as a result, by not deep enough understanding of the essence of certain physical phenomena andobjects. Foremost, it's all about phenomena and objects that are under consideration by Special and General Relativity.The author has analyzed historical roots of discussed here misconceptions and misunderstandings and has shown thepossible ways to overcome them. Such constructive approach gives us the hope for getting rid of the majority ofrevealed here misconceptions and misunderstandings. Unfortunately, this is the problem of not only the astronomy andcosmology, but also of physics in general. Our perception and reflection of physical reality is still very primitive and,foremost, mainly mechanistic, macrocentric and anthropo-limited. The unreality of black holes, Big Bang, non-baryonicdark matter, dark energy, photons and neutrinos is justified in details. The current usage of exponential scale instead ofmetrically homogeneous scale of cosmological time in cosmology is shown. Therefore, the ignorance of the fact thatonly the infinitely far cosmological past on the event horizon and infinitely far cosmological future on Schwarzschildsphere are simultaneous with any event in people’s world is shown. The ignorance of the fact that this pseudo-horizoncovers the past of all infinite Universe is also shown. The possibility of existence of antimatter inside the neutron starsand quasars that have the hollow body topology and mirror symmetry of their intrinsic space is justified. The bigredshift and long lasting high luminosity of quasars are explained. The spatio-temporal noninvariance of thegravitational constant and the fictiveness of Etherington's identity are proved. The absence of gravitational fields in theUniverse up to the moment of discontinuity of its uniform gas continuum is shown. The origination of the gravityphenomenon is related to the formation of spatially inhomogeneous thermodynamic states by the matter and to thetendency of the whole gravithermodynamically bonded matter to reach the minimum of the integral values of its inertfree energy and Gibbs free energy. The temporal invariance of not only all thermodynamic parameters and potentials ofmatter and its momentum but also of Lagrangian of ordinary rest energy and of equivalent to it gravitational mass ofmatter (to which the inertial mass is identical only in intrinsic time of this matter) is justified. The fact that spatialdistribution of gravitational field strength, defined by logarithmic gravitational potential, perfectly corresponds toastronomical observations is shown. It is shown that according to the General Relativity and the RelativisticGravithermodynamics equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibriumstate corresponds to reality. The fact that Hubble’s redshift is linearly dependent on comoving distance instead ofluminosity distance is justified. It is shown that mentioned above fact corresponds to astronomical observations. It isconcluded that such concepts as corpuscle and elementary particle are purely macroscopic. The inadmissibility of thepresence of "thing-in-itself" in physics is shown. The possibility of spiral-wave nature of the matter microobjects — theterminal local drains of turns of the spiral waves of high frequency space-time modulations of the dielectric andmagnetic permeabilities of the physical vacuum (singularities of the field according to Einstein hypothesis) — as a wholeis shown.