Classical Physics

   

Law of Universal Gravitation Without Gravitational Constant G

Authors: Mykola Kosinov

For over 300 years, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by a single physical law — Newton's law F = GMm/r^2. The possibility of the existence of a law of gravity other than Newton's law F = GMm/r2 was not even considered. Excessive idealization of Newton's law F = GMm/r² and overestimation of its uniqueness became a brake on the development of the theory of gravity. Newton's law of gravitation does not provide a complete and accurate value for the gravitational force. It describes the local gravity of two bodies and "does not see" the additional gravitational force that actually exists as a result of the gravitational action of all bodies in the universe. Here we show that in addition to Newton's law F = GMm/r^2, there is a second law of gravitation F = mR^3/(T^2)r^2, which remained undiscovered. This law of gravity does not require the gravitational constant G. The existence of this law was first pointed out by Robert Hooke in 1679. Furthermore, we show that the additional gravitational force of the gravitational action of all bodies in the Universe is described by the third law of gravitation F = (mc²)√Ʌ, which also remained undiscovered. This law of gravity also does not require a gravitational constant G. Combining the two new laws of gravitation into a single equation yields the law of universal gravitation FU = mR^3/(T^2)r^2+(mc^2)√Ʌ. This is a complete and more accurate law of gravity than Newton's law. It replaces Newton's law of gravity. The new law of universal gravitation takes into account the accelerated expansion of the universe and Kepler's laws of planetary motion. It expresses the total force of universal gravitation, which is represented by both the local gravitational force of two bodies and the gravitational force of all N bodies in the universe. The new law of universal gravitation is a solution to the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 and for N → ∞. The new law of universal gravitation does not include the gravitational constant G. The measured value of R³/T² based on observations of the orbits of the planets of the Solar System is: R³/T² = 132 712 440 018 (8) km³ su207b². From the cosmological equations, the calculated value of the cosmological constant Ʌ = 1.36226697... u202210-52 m-2 was obtained. This is much more accurate than the constant G. The low accuracy of the gravitational constant G ceases to be a limiting factor in gravitation.

Comments: 24 Pages.

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Submission history

[v1] 2025-07-22 23:25:34
[v2] 2025-11-30 22:25:06
[v3] 2025-12-21 01:15:43
[v4] 2026-02-24 22:03:58

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