Microtubules are essential components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells, playing pivotal roles in intracellular transport, cell division, and maintaining cell structure. Their dynamic behavior, such as polymerization, depolymerization, and their response to variouscellular signals, makes them a fascinating subject for study. While biochemical and biophysical research has significantly advanced our understanding of microtubule function, recent mathematical models have provided new insights into their dynamics, stability, and interactions with other cellular components. This article explores the application of advanced mathematical tools to model the structure, dynamics, and functionality of microtubules. Techniques such as differentialequations, statistical mechanics, network theory, and computational simulations are employed to describe microtubule behavior at multiple scales, ranging from individual tubulin dimers to entire microtubule assemblies. We highlight key models that have advanced the understanding of microtubule dynamics and discuss how these models canbe applied to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying various cellular processes and diseases.