Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with a multifactorial etiology, encompassing genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Recent research has increasingly pointed to the roles of the immune system and gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Immune dysfunction, characterized by systemic inflammation, altered cytokine profiles, and microglial activation, has been implicated in the development of neuroinflammation, a key feature of the disorder. Furthermore, disruptions in the gut microbiome, or dysbiosis, have been associated with increased inflammation, altered neurotransmitter metabolism, and impaired immune modulation, all of which may contribute to the onset and progression of schizophrenia. The gut-brain axis, whichfacilitates bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal system and the brain, is emerging as a critical pathway in the interplay between the immune system and microbiome. This review explores the growing evidence for the involvement of immune and microbiome dysregulation in schizophrenia, highlighting the mechanisms through which these systems interact and influence brain function. Understanding the complex relationship between immune and microbiome disturbances offers novel therapeutic avenues, including antiinflammatory treatments and microbiome-based interventions, which may improve outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia. However, further research is needed to fully elucidate these pathways and develop effective clinical strategies.