Number Theory

   

Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Using the Decomposition ζ(z)= X(z) — Y(z) and Analysis of the Distribution of the Zeros of ζ(z) Based on X(z) and Y(z)

Authors: Pedro Caceres

Prime numbers are the atoms of mathematics and mathematics is needed to make sense of the real world. Finding the Prime number structure and eventually being able to crack their code is the ultimate goal in what is called Number Theory. From the evolution of species to cryptography, Nature finds help in Prime numbers. One of the most important advances in the study of Prime numbers was the paper by Bernhard Riemann in November 1859 called "Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" (On the number of primes less than a given quantity).In that paper, Riemann gave a formula for the number of primes less than x in terms the integral of 1/log(x) and the roots (zeros) of the zeta function defined by:[RZF] ζ(z)=∑(n=1,∞) 1/n^z Where ζ(z) is a function of a complex variable z that analytically continues the Dirichlet series. Riemann also formulated a conjecture about the location of the zeros of RZF, which fall into two classes: the "trivial zeros" -2, -4, -6, etc., and those whose real part lies between 0 and 1. Riemann's conjecture Riemann hypothesis [RH] was formulated as this:[RH]The real part of every nontrivial zero z* of the RZF is 1/2.Proving the RH is, as of today, one of the most important problems in mathematics. In this paper we will provide proof of the RH. The proof of the RH will be built following these five parts:PART 1:Description of the Riemann Zeta Function RZF ζ(z) - Introducing s limit and an approximationPART 2: The C-transformation. An artifact to decompose ζ(z) PART 3: Application of the C-transformation to f(z)=1/x^z in Re(z)≥0 to obtain ζ(z)=X(z)-Y(z) - Decomposition of ζ(z)=X(z)-Y(z) - Analysis of X(z),|X(z)|,|X(z)|^2 - Analysis of Y(z),|Y(z)|,|Y(z)|^2PART 4: Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis - Analysis of the values of z such that X(z)=Y(z), that equates to ζ(z)=0 - Proof that |X(z)|=|Y(z)| only if Re(z)=1/2 - Conclude that ζ(z)=0 only if Re(z)=1/2 for Re(z)≥0PART 5: On the distribution of the non-trivial zeros of Zeta in the critical line α= 1/2. - Algorithm N1, Algorithm H1, Algorithm H2

Comments: 45 Pages.

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[v1] 2024-08-22 19:50:32

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