Classical Physics

   

From Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) to Augmented Newtonian Dynamics (AUND)

Authors: Mykola Kosinov

MOND assumes that Newtonian dynamics is not accurate. Therefore, it needs modification. AuND assumes that Newtonian dynamics is accurate but not complete. For more than 300 years, Newtonian dynamics has remained an incomplete mathematical model. The shortcomings of the incomplete Newtonian dynamics have given reason to consider the classical model of gravity to be flawed and limited. Newton's formula FN = GMm/r^2 gives the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies. Accordingly, Newton's law formula gives only a part of the force of universal gravitation and does not apply to the universe. In addition to the forces described by Newtonian dynamics, there is a gravitational force in the Universe, which is observed in experiments, but does not follow from Newton's law of gravitation. Newtonian dynamics "does not see" the additional cosmological force of gravitational interaction of bodies with the mass of the Universe. The additional cosmological force is represented by a new law of gravitation, different from Newton's law. The law of cosmological force is presented using the cosmological constant Ʌ: FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. The cosmological force has a linear dependence on the mass of a body and does not obey the law of inverse squares. On small scales, the additional cosmological force is much smaller than the Newtonian force. On the scale of the universe, the cosmological force exceeds the Newtonian force and has a theoretical limit equal to the Planck force FP = c^4/G = 1.21027-10^44 N. This large force is not represented in Newton's law of universal gravitation.A new mathematical formula for the law of universal gravitation is given. The law of universal gravitation is represented by two equations, Newton's law FN = GMm/r^2 and the cosmological force law FCos = (mc^2)√Ʌ. Augmented Newtonian dynamics (AuND) reanimates the classical model of gravitation and provides a solution to the problems of cosmology without involving the hypothesis of "dark matter".

Comments: 14 Pages.

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Submission history

[v1] 2024-07-02 20:20:20

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