Authors: Vittorio Lippi
The frequency response function (FRF) is an established way to describe the outcome of experiments in posture control literature. Specifically, the FRF is an empirical transfer function between an input stimulus and the induced body movement. By definition, the FRF is a complex function of frequency. When statistical analysis is performed to assess differences between groups of FRFs (e.g., obtained under different conditions or from a group of patients and a control group), the FRF's structure should be considered. Usually, the statistics are performed defined a scalar variable to be studied, such as the norm of the difference between FRFs, or considering the components independently (that can be applied to real and complex components separately), in some cases both approaches are integrated, e.g., the comparison frequency-by frequency is used as a post hoc test when the null hypothesis is rejected on the scalar value. The two components of the complex values can be tested with multivariate methods such as Hotelling’s T2 as done in on the averages of the FRF over all the frequencies, where a further post hoc test is performed applying bootstrap on magnitude and phase separately. The problem with the definition of a scalar variable as the norm of the differences or the difference of the averages in the previous examples is that it introduces an arbitrary metric that, although reasonable, has no substantial connection with the experiment unless the scalar value is assumed a priori as the object of the study as in where a human-likeness score for humanoid robots is defined on the basis of FRFs difference. On the other hand, testing frequencies (and components) separately does not consider that the FRF's values are not independent, and applying corrections for multiple comparisons, e.g., Bonferroni can result in a too conservative approach destroying the power of the experiment. In order to properly consider the nature of the FRF, a method based on random field theory is presented. A case study with data from posture control experiments is presented. To take into account the two components (imaginary and real) as two independent variables, the fact that the same subject repeated the test in the two conditions, a 1-D implementation of the Hotelling T2 is used as presented in but applied in the frequency domain instead of the time domain.
Comments: 2 Pages. Presented at 9th International Posture Symposium, Smolenice 2023 (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract on the article is required)
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