Authors: Volodymyr Kaplunenko, Mykola Kosinov
The article proposes a new paradigm of catalysis. It is developed as a natural continuation of the advanced concepts in catalysis, such as "electron as a catalyst", "proton as a catalyst", and "oxidation state concept". The goal of the new catalysis paradigm is to reveal the general mechanism of catalytic reactions and to derive the laws of catalysis. The new paradigm of catalysis is based on the idea that two universal catalysts exist in nature that can increase the reactivity of chemical substances. The catalysts in all types of catalysis are fundamental objects of the microcosm - elementary particles: the electron and the proton. In the new paradigm, numerous substances that have traditionally been considered catalysts are assigned the role of precursors of catalysts. In the reaction, they mediate the transfer of electrons and protons. The common mechanism in various types of catalysis is a mechanism based on the transfer of electric charges by electrons and protons and on the change in the oxidation state of the reactants with their participation. Changing the state of oxidation of reactants, the formation of radicals leads to an increase in their reactivity. A model of the relay donor-acceptor mechanism as a universal mechanism of catalysis was proposed. The new paradigm of catalysis has made it possible to reveal the universal mechanism of catalytic reactions and to solve the main problem of catalysis - to obtain a single universal law of catalysis. From the universal law of catalysis, the laws of heterogeneous, homogeneous, field catalysis, and Faraday's law of electrolysis follow as particular results. The laws of catalysis are represented not by empirical equations, but by mathematical relations in which the parameters are chemical and physical characteristics of the catalyst, precursor, and reagents. The new paradigm shows that catalysis is a universal and fundamental natural phenomenon. The concept of two fundamental catalysts leads to the conclusion that all chemical reactions are catalytic. They are realized by a single universal mechanism of catalysis. In those reactions that are carried out without the presence of additional substances and are not traditionally considered catalytic, the catalysts are an electron or a proton. In these reactions, one of the reactants plays the role of a precursor and a donor of elementary particles.
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[v1] 2024-06-22 02:05:09
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