The Scientific Revolution matured in the seventeenth century through Newton’s science, which has continued into the beginning of the twenty-first century, in which the entire scientific community still follows the mechanical universe approach. However, this first scientific enlightenment continues to linger despite an avalanche of discoveries of the laws of nature. Science inevitably needs the second scientific enlightenment, Einstein’s science of principle theory and the cosmos, to transform itself. In this paper, we first describe the Scientific Revolution thus far. We then apply the second scientific enlightenment to examine the first one currently practiced in elementary particle physics and cosmology. Finally, we use our two new discoveries in Einstein’s science, the success/failure system and cosmic inertia, to elucidate and declare the second scientific enlightenment. This paper is our sober reflection on science and on our progressive learning of Einstein’s science, which we have set out in earlier papers that we suggest examining before studying this paper.