Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
The idealized electric dipole is visualized as two charges of equal strength and opposite sign which are kept a fixed nonzero distance apart that is arbitrarily short. This configuration's electric dipole-moment vector is the charge strength multiplied by the fixed-length vector from the negative to the positive charge. We work out the electric fields of electric dipoles, and then obtain their angular-orientation equations of motion in a constant electric field by attributing a moment of inertia to them, which results in electric-dipole dynamics analogous to that of a pendulum. The idealized magnetic dipole is visualized as a closed current loop of arbitrarily small nonzero spatial extent. When its closed loop lies in a plane its magnetic dipole-moment vector is the loop current divided by the speed of light times the area the loop encloses times the unit vector normal to that plane. The vector-function form of the magnetic field of a magnetic dipole is identical to that of the electric field of an electric dipole. We obtain the angular-orientation equation of motion of a magnetic dipole in a constant magnetic field by attributing a proportional mass current to its circulating charge current, which results in magnetic-dipole dynamics analogous to gyroscope precession. The closely related quantum spin dynamics of spin-1/2 electrons in a constant magnetic field is then also discussed.
Comments: 11 Pages.
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