"We will be able to test the output of quantum computers against these calculations," said Krishnamoorthy. "If quantum computers can produce results close to these results, we will know they work." [57] We all learn quantum physics as physics students, but in recent years this field has taken on a whole new life. It's not an esoteric theory anymore, something that only describes tiny effects in extreme forms of matter. It's going to form the basis for a whole new type of technology. So I think that, because physicists have a bit of a leg up in this area, they should go all-in. [56] Scientists from the University of Bath, working with a colleague at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, have devised an ingenious method of controlling the vapour by coating the interior of containers with nanoscopic gold particles 300,000 times smaller than a pinhead. [55] Significant technical and financial issues remain towards building a large, fault-tolerant quantum computer and one is unlikely to be built within the coming decade. [54] Chemists at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena (Germany) have now synthesised a molecule that can perform the function of a computing unit in a quantum computer. [53] The research team developed the first optical microchip to generate, manipulate and detect a particular state of light called squeezed vacuum, which is essential for HYPERLINK "https://phys.org/tags/quantum/" quantum computation. [52] Australian scientists have investigated new directions to scale up qubits-utilising the spin-orbit coupling of atom qubits-adding a new suite of tools to the armory. [51]