Authors: Alec Feinberg
Understanding root causes is always needed to find proper solutions. In climate change, we must ask, what has historically changed? Besides CO2, we have a change in the specific and relative humidity, slight decrease in land albedo, and yearly growth of Hydro-HotSpots (HHS). We denote hydro-hotspot as water evaporation and bulk heating from low albedo manmade type roads and cities surfaces (often called urban heat islands), including cars and engine hoods. This includes both Highly Evaporating Surfaces (HES) and bulk warm waste Rain Water Management (RWM) where billions of gallons of water is into rivers and the ocean each year causing numerous concerns. This is Humidity Forcing (HF) related to albedo forcing and the creation of HHS. Most significant is land albedo forcing. Modeling provided are in agreement with other authors that albedo forcing due to cities and roads are a major effect on global warming. This also feeds most of the HHS. We show in this article that such surfaces, while seemingly covering only about 1% of the Earth, can have very large effective solar and evaporation areas many times the size of the HES and RWM area itself compared with higher albedo absorbing vegetative areas that also include transpiration. This is significant since water vapor is a potent GreenHouse (GH) gas. City surfaces can prove to be enormous when tall buildings are considered. In addition, active hydro-hotspots will decrease relative humidity while increasing specific humidity. We are able to estimate the large percentage of global warming contribution due to albedo and humidity HHS forcing compared to CO2 increase. This leads to the conclusion that changing the albedo of cities and roads is a main solution to global warming. This paper, then points to numerous concerns including the lack of IPCC albedo goals for cities and roads. Specifically, it is concluded that there is not enough proof that CO2 goals will be enough to stop global warming trends in light of the complex influences on global warming from Cities and Roads.
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